Introduction to Cybersecurity

1. Introduction to Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity = protecting computers, networks, and data from attacks.

• Importance: Prevents identity theft, financial loss, and data breaches.

• Key security goals: CIA Triad

  • Confidentiality – keeping data private.

  • Integrity – ensuring data isn’t altered.

  • Availability – systems/data are accessible when needed.

2. Types of Cyber Threats

• Malware – viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware.

• Phishing – fake emails or messages tricking you into giving personal info.

• Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) – attacker intercepts communication.

• Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) – flooding a system to make it unavailable.

• SQL Injection / XSS – exploiting website vulnerabilities.

3. Common Cyber Attacks

• Password attacks: brute force, dictionary, credential stuffing.

• Social engineering: tricking people (not systems).

• Insider threats: employees misusing access.

• Zero-day exploits: attacks on unknown vulnerabilities.

4. Basic Cybersecurity Practices

✅ Strong Passwords – use long, unique passwords + password managers.
✅ Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) – adds an extra security layer.
✅ Regular Updates – keep OS, apps, and antivirus patched.
✅ Firewall & Antivirus – first line of defence.
✅ Safe Browsing – avoid suspicious links/downloads.
✅ Backups – always keep data backed up offline/secure cloud.

5. Network Security Basics

• Firewalls – block unauthorised access.

• VPNs – encrypt internet traffic.

• Wi-Fi Security – use WPA3/WPA2, strong router passwords.

• Intrusion Detection/Prevention (IDS/IPS) – monitor suspicious traffic.

6. Cybersecurity Tools

• Antivirus software (e.g., Windows Defender, Bitdefender).

• Wireshark – network packet analysis.

• Nmap – network scanning.

• Kali Linux – penetration testing tools.

• Password managers – LastPass, Bitwarden, 1Password.